About the time my iTunes music library reached 5,000 tracks I knew it was time for a cleanup. While I was at it, I adjusted the volume on some tracks that I had converted from audio cassettes, made sure joined tracks play in sequence, set iTunes to fill my iPod automatically, and learned some handy playback-control keyboard shortcuts.
Now I'm spending more time listening to the tracks in my iTunes library and less time skipping, scrolling, and searching.
The semi-automatic way to remove duplicate media files
iTunes provides two options for identifying duplicate files: one based on the song name and artist, and another 'exact' method based on the song name, artist, and album. To see a list of files with the same name and artist, choose the library in the left pane and click File > Display Duplicates. Press the Shift key in Windows or the Alt or Option key on a Mac and then click File > Display Exact Duplicates to view files with the same name, artist, and album.
To ensure you're deleting the lowest-quality duplicate, show the Bit Rate column in the file list: click View > View Options, check Bit Rate in the Show Columns list, click OK, and then drag the Bit Rate column to the left so it's visible next to the song name, artist, and album.
If you want to delete the older of the duplicates, sort by the Date Added column (if the column isn't visible, click View > View Options, check Date Added, and click OK). If you're an iCloud subscriber, click the iCloud Status column to list all the duplicate files together.
Select the duplicates you want to remove by Ctrl-clicking, Command-clicking, or Shift-clicking them, as the case may be. Then press Delete. You're then told the files will be removed from you media player on the next sync, and you're given the option to keep the files in your iTunes Media library or placing them in the Recycle Bin or Trash. (iCloud subscribers are given the option to delete the file from their iCloud library.)
Depending on your media collection, you may have duplicates remaining after you delete the files iTunes identified as duplicates. It took another pass through my library to find the few dozen duplicates that iTunes failed to spot. Still, the semi-automatic dupe-deletion method shrank my library by more than 15 percent.
Link tracks to play in sequence
I'm a fan of shuffling the songs I listen to from my library, until the third movement of Beethoven's Sixth Symphony plays without being preceded by movements one and two and followed by movements four and five. (If I had followed the steps below to join CD tracks when I ripped the disc, I wouldn't need to connect the tracks after the fact.)
You can tie together separate tracks of a single piece of music or the cuts from one side of an LP (think Pink Floyd's 'Dark Side of the Moon') if the track numbers are sequential, and the tracks have the same album name.
There are two ways to ensure separate album cuts play in sequence: right-click each track separately and choose Get Info > Options > Part of a gapless album > OK; or select all the tracks at once, right-click the selection, choose Get Info > Yes (at the warning about editing information about multiple files at once) > Options, choose Yes in the drop-down menu next to 'Gapless album,' and click OK.
As the Apple support site indicates, gapless playback is on by default in many iPods and iPhones, unless their audio-crossfade feature is enabled (crossfade is off by default). Unless you're listening on shuffle, most contiguous tracks will play as intended without having to enable gaplessness.
Join CD tracks when you rip them
There's a simple way to avoid having to link tracks so they play in the appropriate sequence: tell iTunes to join the cuts before you rip them from the CD.
When you insert the CD, iTunes will ask whether you would like to import the tracks. Click No, and then select the connected tracks by Shift-clicking (note that iTunes can join tracks only if they are listed together). Once the tracks are highlighted, click Advanced > Join CD tracks. A small black line to the left of the tracks indicates that they are linked.
After the tracks are joined, click Import CD. Once the import is completed, the connected tracks appear in your library as a single entry.
As the Apple support site indicates, the Join CD tracks option requires that the tracks are selected on an audio CD, that the tracks are contiguous, and that the CD is sorted by track number in ascending order.
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Now playing:Watch this: Make iTunes sound better
Use the Sound Check/Equalizer to adjust the volume of single tracks
In July 2011 I explained how to use the free Audacity audio software to convert LPs and audiocassettes into MP3s and CDs. Hundreds of the songs in my iTunes library were transferred from a tape or vinyl record. Unfortunately, the volume of these tracks is often much lower than the volume of original MP3s and tracks ripped from audio CDs.
iTunes lets you adjust the volume of individual tracks via the song's Options dialog box. Select the track, right-click it, and choose Get Info > Options. Move the volume-adjustment slider to the left to lower the track's volume or to the right to increase its volume.
You can also choose one of the equalizer presets from the drop-down menu below the volume adjuster. The presets include spoken word, bass booster, acoustic, jazz, vocal booster, and small speakers. Click Next to open the Options dialog for the next item in your library. To adjust a track's equalizer settings manually, click View > Show Equalizer (Windows) or Window > Equalizer (Mac).
Let iTunes fill your media player when you sync
If your iTunes media library fits on your iPod, iPhone, or iPad, you can let iTunes sync the items in the device automatically when you connect it to your computer. For those of us whose library exceeds their media player's storage capacity, iTunes has an option that automatically fills the device with selections from your library.
Connect your media player and choose 'Manually manage music and videos' under Options. Then click the arrow on the left side of your device entry in the left pane and choose Music (or whichever type of file you want to fill the player with). Click the Autofill button in the bottom-right corner of the track-list window to have iTunes add tracks from your library to the device's capacity.
Itunes Volume Adjustment Not Working
Use the Autofill From drop-down menu in the bottom-left corner of the main window to select the library from which tracks will be pulled, and click the Settings button on the right to reserve space on the device. The option to choose items randomly is checked by default; the other two settings let you fill with higher bit-rate tracks first, and replace all items when autofilling.
Save time with iTunes' playback-control shortcuts
To switch to iTunes' mini-player in Windows, click View > Switch to Mini Player, or press Ctrl-Shift-M (press Ctrl-Shift-M again to revert to the full iTunes window). On a Mac, click Window > Switch to Mini Player, or press Command-Shift-M. But you can control iTunes' playback without any player visible by using keyboard shortcuts.
The shortcuts corresponding to each iTunes option are shown on the main menus, which you can open in Windows by pressing Alt and then the underlined letter that appears in the menu item. On a Mac, press Control-Fn-F2 and use the arrow keys to move between and open the menus.
The Apple support site provides lists of iTunes 10 keyboard shortcuts for Windows and shortcuts for the Mac, as well as a compendium of Mac iTunes keyboard shortcuts.
I know: Who's going to remember another four or five dozen keyboard shortcuts? The shortcuts that I find most useful are for controlling playback (they also happen to be the easiest for me to keep in mind):
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Users running media software on recent versions of Windows may have encountered a strange occurrence: the volume of their media apps — Windows Media Player, iTunes, Plex, etc. — is automatically lowered when they run certain games or programs, like Skype. While this can be incredibly frustrating, it’s not a bug. The act of Windows automatically reducing the volume of certain applications is actually the operating system trying to help you out. Here’s why it occurs and how you can politely decline Redmond’s assistance. With the explosion of VoIP services in the past decade, Microsoft wanted to make the process of placing and receiving digital phone calls in Windows easy and seamless. As part of this mission, the company introduced a new feature in Windows 7 (and persists in Windows 8) that attempted to detect when the user was making or receiving a digital phone call and automatically lower or mute the volume of other apps while the call was in progress. This all sounds great until you realize that many apps can falsely appear to Windows to be digital telephone services, resulting in the undesired reduction in volume of a user’s media apps. Multiplayer games, for example, often have built-in support for voice chat, which Windows frequently misidentifies as a traditional VoIP service. In other instances, the app in question may actually be a VoIP service (like Skype), but the user wants to maintain the volume level of their running apps while using it. Thankfully, this potentially annoying feature can be easily disabled. To stop Windows from automatically reducing your apps’ volume, head to Control Panel and select Hardware and Sound, and then click on Sound to launch the sound configuration window. Alternatively, if you have Control Panel organized by icon instead of category, you can just choose Sound from the list. In the Sound configuration window, click on the Communications tab. This is the location where this automatic reduction feature is configured. As explained by Windows:
Windows can automatically adjust the volume of different sounds when you are using your PC to place or receive telephone calls.
By default, the option to “Reduce the volume of other sounds by 80%” is selected. Change this to Do nothing to effectively kill the feature. If, however, you actually find this feature useful, you can further refine it by having Windows only reduce the volume of other apps by 50%, or by having the operating system mute all other sounds entirely. Click OK to save your changes and close the Sound configuration window. You can now also close Control Panel. Now, start playing some music and then fire up a game or VoIP app. Windows will no longer reduce the volume of your other apps, and you’ll have to manually control things in the event you make an actual VoIP call. If you ever want to restore the default behavior, just head on back to the Communications tab of the Sound configuration window and re-enable one of the automatic volume reduction options.
If it seems like your iPad's maximum volume isn't as loud as it should be, your ears might not be deceiving you. The device includes a volume limit locking feature that can prevent its speakers from blaring anything louder than the set limit. If you want to take full advantage of your iPad's audio, you should raise this volume limit to its highest level, ensuring the device does not hold itself back.
Step 1Step 2
Tap 'iPod' in the left-hand column to view new options in the main pane. Camtasia key and name.
Step 3
Drag the volume limit meter all the way to the right to allow the iPad to reach its maximum volume. Tap 'Home' to exit and save changes.
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While there are a number of media players and audio programs that can be used to play music through your Mac, iTunes being a library and content manager as well as a player that comes preinstalled on Mac systems makes it the most popular option out there. The program offers simple controls for sorting through music, generating playlists, and playing your music, but in addition there are some settings that can be used to greatly improve sound quality during playback.
The first of these is the Sound Enhancer setting in the iTunes preferences, which is activated by going to the Playback section of the iTunes preferences and checking the 'Sound Enhancer' check box.
This mysterious feature enhances music quality by not only adjusting the treble and bass of the output, but also blending various phase components of the audio across channels and mixing them in stereo to give it more depth. The level of this effect can be adjusted with the slider next to the check box that enables it. I recommend adjusting this setting by playing a song or two without it, then enabling this feature and setting the slider at the extremes of its range to hear the difference, and finally by finding the midrange level that works best for you. The effect will be different for different songs and encodings, so selecting an extremely high setting may, for some songs, result in odd and sometimes unpleasant sounding music.
The next component is the iTunes equalizer, which allows you to adjust the relative power of the frequency ranges in the signal to enhance different aspects of what's being played. Proper equalization of a signal is an art form in its own right, but for starters the following is a decent guideline to use:
Equalizer settings depend on both the song being played and the speaker system being used, but a commonly recommended equalizer setting is to enhance around a peak of 125Hz to 250Hz and then also at around a peak of 8KHz, slightly dropping the values surrounding these peaks. Apple includes a number of equalizer presets in the equalizer's menu that you can use as starting points for various genres of music.
Part of the equalizer is the preamp slider, which adjusts the overall gain through the equalizer. By increasing the power in each frequency channel you risk saturating the signal, which pushes it to the edge of its dynamic range, thus clipping it and resulting in static and other harsh sounds. The preamp allows you to equally dial back the power through all frequencies, maintaining the current equalization balance but rolling off any saturation that results from it.
If attended to with care, these two settings in iTunes can be more than enough to greatly enhance the quality of your entire music library, but there may be instances where specific songs or albums might need very unique equalization settings. In these cases you can create a custom equalization setup, then save it using the equalizer's preset menu. Then select the songs you wish to apply the preset to and get information on them by pressing Command-I. In the information window, click the Options tab and choose your new preset from the 'Equalizer Preset' menu. You can also adjust the song's volume as well, since some albums or tracks may have been recorded at quite significantly lower volumes than others.
Unfortunately the sound enhancer does not have a per-song assignment option, so if you find songs that this does not work for, then you will have to turn it off in the iTunes preferences.
In addition to these equalization options, iTunes supports several other options to enhance your music playback. The first is a cross-fade feature that will blend the last few seconds of a song into the first few of the next song, similar to what is commonly done in radio broadcasts. This will give your library a more continuous feel, but will also cut out some dramatic (and subjectively significant) beginnings and endings to songs so it may not be the most desired option.
A second feature is Apple's Sound Check, which will scan your entire library and adjust individual song volumes so they match. While convenient in some cases, this can adversely affect many albums that include tracks that are meant to be relatively silent. It will also interfere with albums that are built for the tracks to be played seamlessly, where as one track leads into another you may hear a sudden volume jump as iTunes adjusts it.
The options discussed so far deal with the music as-is in your library. However, those who started accumulating digital music years ago may have a number of poorly encoded tracks in their libraries. When people first began collecting music on computers, the standard format was MP3 encoded at 128Kbps, which saved space at between 3MB to 5MB per music file, but it did cut down on quality (especially the highs and lows). These days the use of 256Kbps AAC and other formats offers a higher quality option, but while you can get around this by purchasing new copies of these songs, this may not be feasible or worth it. To fill this gap, Apple offers its iTunes Match service which will look up a song in its iTunes Store and if available will play the higher quality version instead of the one on your computer. This service does cost $25 per year and does require an Internet connection, but allows you to have higher quality music on all of your iCloud-enabled devices.
A last detail to mention with regard to audio quality is that the media player and audio files are only half of the equation. The second aspect is the audio system itself. If you have a cheap set of speakers or headphones, then you will only get so far by adjusting audio settings in iTunes. If you are interested in getting the most out of your music then you might consider an upgrade to your audio hardware. However, this quality argument also goes both way: if you have a fancy audio system but do not properly equalize it and use poor quality audio files, then you are not taking advantage of its capabilities.
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Now I'm spending more time listening to the tracks in my iTunes library and less time skipping, scrolling, and searching.
The semi-automatic way to remove duplicate media files
iTunes provides two options for identifying duplicate files: one based on the song name and artist, and another 'exact' method based on the song name, artist, and album. To see a list of files with the same name and artist, choose the library in the left pane and click File > Display Duplicates. Press the Shift key in Windows or the Alt or Option key on a Mac and then click File > Display Exact Duplicates to view files with the same name, artist, and album.
To ensure you're deleting the lowest-quality duplicate, show the Bit Rate column in the file list: click View > View Options, check Bit Rate in the Show Columns list, click OK, and then drag the Bit Rate column to the left so it's visible next to the song name, artist, and album.
If you want to delete the older of the duplicates, sort by the Date Added column (if the column isn't visible, click View > View Options, check Date Added, and click OK). If you're an iCloud subscriber, click the iCloud Status column to list all the duplicate files together.
Select the duplicates you want to remove by Ctrl-clicking, Command-clicking, or Shift-clicking them, as the case may be. Then press Delete. You're then told the files will be removed from you media player on the next sync, and you're given the option to keep the files in your iTunes Media library or placing them in the Recycle Bin or Trash. (iCloud subscribers are given the option to delete the file from their iCloud library.)
Depending on your media collection, you may have duplicates remaining after you delete the files iTunes identified as duplicates. It took another pass through my library to find the few dozen duplicates that iTunes failed to spot. Still, the semi-automatic dupe-deletion method shrank my library by more than 15 percent.
Link tracks to play in sequence
I'm a fan of shuffling the songs I listen to from my library, until the third movement of Beethoven's Sixth Symphony plays without being preceded by movements one and two and followed by movements four and five. (If I had followed the steps below to join CD tracks when I ripped the disc, I wouldn't need to connect the tracks after the fact.)
You can tie together separate tracks of a single piece of music or the cuts from one side of an LP (think Pink Floyd's 'Dark Side of the Moon') if the track numbers are sequential, and the tracks have the same album name.
There are two ways to ensure separate album cuts play in sequence: right-click each track separately and choose Get Info > Options > Part of a gapless album > OK; or select all the tracks at once, right-click the selection, choose Get Info > Yes (at the warning about editing information about multiple files at once) > Options, choose Yes in the drop-down menu next to 'Gapless album,' and click OK.
As the Apple support site indicates, gapless playback is on by default in many iPods and iPhones, unless their audio-crossfade feature is enabled (crossfade is off by default). Unless you're listening on shuffle, most contiguous tracks will play as intended without having to enable gaplessness.
Join CD tracks when you rip them
There's a simple way to avoid having to link tracks so they play in the appropriate sequence: tell iTunes to join the cuts before you rip them from the CD.
When you insert the CD, iTunes will ask whether you would like to import the tracks. Click No, and then select the connected tracks by Shift-clicking (note that iTunes can join tracks only if they are listed together). Once the tracks are highlighted, click Advanced > Join CD tracks. A small black line to the left of the tracks indicates that they are linked.
After the tracks are joined, click Import CD. Once the import is completed, the connected tracks appear in your library as a single entry.
As the Apple support site indicates, the Join CD tracks option requires that the tracks are selected on an audio CD, that the tracks are contiguous, and that the CD is sorted by track number in ascending order.
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Now playing:Watch this: Make iTunes sound better
Use the Sound Check/Equalizer to adjust the volume of single tracks
In July 2011 I explained how to use the free Audacity audio software to convert LPs and audiocassettes into MP3s and CDs. Hundreds of the songs in my iTunes library were transferred from a tape or vinyl record. Unfortunately, the volume of these tracks is often much lower than the volume of original MP3s and tracks ripped from audio CDs.
iTunes lets you adjust the volume of individual tracks via the song's Options dialog box. Select the track, right-click it, and choose Get Info > Options. Move the volume-adjustment slider to the left to lower the track's volume or to the right to increase its volume.
You can also choose one of the equalizer presets from the drop-down menu below the volume adjuster. The presets include spoken word, bass booster, acoustic, jazz, vocal booster, and small speakers. Click Next to open the Options dialog for the next item in your library. To adjust a track's equalizer settings manually, click View > Show Equalizer (Windows) or Window > Equalizer (Mac).
Let iTunes fill your media player when you sync
If your iTunes media library fits on your iPod, iPhone, or iPad, you can let iTunes sync the items in the device automatically when you connect it to your computer. For those of us whose library exceeds their media player's storage capacity, iTunes has an option that automatically fills the device with selections from your library.
Connect your media player and choose 'Manually manage music and videos' under Options. Then click the arrow on the left side of your device entry in the left pane and choose Music (or whichever type of file you want to fill the player with). Click the Autofill button in the bottom-right corner of the track-list window to have iTunes add tracks from your library to the device's capacity.
Use the Autofill From drop-down menu in the bottom-left corner of the main window to select the library from which tracks will be pulled, and click the Settings button on the right to reserve space on the device. The option to choose items randomly is checked by default; the other two settings let you fill with higher bit-rate tracks first, and replace all items when autofilling.
Save time with iTunes' playback-control shortcuts
To switch to iTunes' mini-player in Windows, click View > Switch to Mini Player, or press Ctrl-Shift-M (press Ctrl-Shift-M again to revert to the full iTunes window). On a Mac, click Window > Switch to Mini Player, or press Command-Shift-M. But you can control iTunes' playback without any player visible by using keyboard shortcuts.
The shortcuts corresponding to each iTunes option are shown on the main menus, which you can open in Windows by pressing Alt and then the underlined letter that appears in the menu item. On a Mac, press Control-Fn-F2 and use the arrow keys to move between and open the menus.
The Apple support site provides lists of iTunes 10 keyboard shortcuts for Windows and shortcuts for the Mac, as well as a compendium of Mac iTunes keyboard shortcuts.
I know: Who's going to remember another four or five dozen keyboard shortcuts? The shortcuts that I find most useful are for controlling playback (they also happen to be the easiest for me to keep in mind):
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